Armenia has long been known for its mineral wealth, which plays an important role in the country’s economic development. Copper, molybdenum, gold, and other useful minerals have become economic driving forces. However, the effective and responsible use of these resources remains unstable, surrounded by a series of serious challenges.

Over recent decades, the mining industry has faced environmental disasters, socio-economic injustices, and poor legal governance. Many communities are speaking out about environmental damage, while companies often fail to ensure minimum social responsibility standards.

Sustainable development of mining implies a multifaceted strategy that combines economic interests with environmental and social values. This requires clear policy, transparency, and mechanisms for local community participation.

Learning Examples from International Experience

• Canada requires mine closure plans before exploitation begins and ensures land restoration funds.
• Australia applies a public engagement model, ensuring community opinions before projects.
• Norway implements strict state oversight and technological innovations to reduce environmental impacts.

Armenia’s Involvement in International Initiatives

Armenia has been a member of EITI since 2017, which is aimed at ensuring transparency of mining industry revenues. Despite progress, inadequate implementation of mechanisms and limited public engagement are still observed.

What is Required to Ensure Sustainability

1. Legislative reforms that will guarantee transparency and accountability.
2. Technological investments that will reduce harmful impacts on nature.
3. Active community engagement – public hearings, mutually beneficial agreements.
4. Application of international standards, particularly within the framework of ICMM and UN Sustainable Development Goals.

Conclusion

Armenia has great potential in mineral reserves, but the exploitation of these resources must take place with responsibility, calculated and long-term vision. The key to sustainable development of mining lies in balancing the interests of economy, environmental protection, and society.

Without law enforcement, community protection, and preservation of environmental principles, mining will become not a source of development, but of destruction. The application of international best practices can help Armenia make mining not only profitable, but also publicly acceptable and fair.